James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States, served during one of the most divisive periods in American history, leading up to the Civil War. Born on April 23, 1791, in Pennsylvania, Buchanan had an extensive political career before his presidency, including roles as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and Secretary of State. His administration is often critiqued for inaction regarding the slavery crisis, which escalated during his tenure. Buchanan’s decisions, or lack thereof, on issues like the Dred Scott decision and Bleeding Kansas, contributed to the deepening rift between the North and South. His approach was one of compromise, hoping to maintain the Union by appeasing both sides, but this ultimately backfired as Southern states began seceding after the 1860 election. Known as “Old Buck,” his presidency is generally regarded as one of the least effective, setting the stage for the Civil War. Buchanan left office as a president with little public support, retiring to his estate in Pennsylvania where he sought to defend his record, dying in 1868.
